List of Discipline-Based Vocabulary and Concepts: Globalization: A series of economic, social, technological, and political changes
that have been identified since the 1980’s, which increase interdependence and
interaction between people and companies in disparate locations. For many of
the first industrial countries, globalization means the moving of manufacturing to
poorer, formerly colonial countries. The economy in the wealthy countries
emphasizes much more the service sector, information technology, and military
spending. The economy in the poor countries moves from extraction (of raw
materials and agricultural products) to industrial production. There is much
debate on globalization. Some view it as the engine that will rise all to greater
wealth; others consider it a way that exploitation of poor countries is increasing
and environmental damage is unchecked. Neo-Liberalism: A form of economic liberalism that was embraced by many US
policymakers in the 1970’s. It emphasizes free market methods and fewer
restrictions on business operations. Neo-liberalism favors the opening of foreign
markets to free trade and an international division of labor. It favors privatization
over direct government intervention and production. It considers labor action as
often a hindrance to economic efficiency. Free Trade: An idealized market model, wherein trade of goods and services
between countries flows unhindered by government-imposed costs. Fair Trade: A movement that promotes international labor, environmental, and
social standards for the production of traded goods and services. This focuses
primarily on exports from poor (“developing”) countries to rich (“developed”)
countries. Often fair trade is accomplished through voluntary compliance and
through publicity. It works against sweat shop labor, slave labor, and
environmental degradation. Urbanization: The expansion of the proportion of a total population into urban
localities (cities). Urbanization refers to an increase in the size of cities as well
as the density of urban areas. While Europe and the US have high urban
populations, the urbanization rate (rate at which people are moving from rural to
urban settings) is much higher in developing countries. Population: The collection of people within a given geographic area. The study
of human populations is known as demography. Population growth has a large
impact on the economic status of a given country and on its planning for the
future. Emigration: The act of leaving one’s native country to settle in another. Large
numbers of people leave their country for political or economic reasons.
Immigration: The same phenomenon as emigration, only from the point of view
of the country to which people have moved. Main reasons for moving: economic
(to escape poverty), educational opportunities, persecution and oppression,
natural disasters, and personal. Economic development: The development of the economic wealth of countries
for the well-being of their inhabitants. If a country achieves a sustainable
increase in living standards, they will have increased per capita income, better
education and healthcare, and environmental protections. International development: The goal of international development is to alleviate
poverty among citizens of developing countries (former colonial countries). This
is done through aid, education, infrastructure improvement, and the creation of
economic enterprises.
(Applied vocabulary developed with the help of www.wikipedia.org )
Globalization: A series of economic, social, technological, and political changes
that have been identified since the 1980’s, which increase interdependence and
interaction between people and companies in disparate locations. For many of
the first industrial countries, globalization means the moving of manufacturing to
poorer, formerly colonial countries. The economy in the wealthy countries
emphasizes much more the service sector, information technology, and military
spending. The economy in the poor countries moves from extraction (of raw
materials and agricultural products) to industrial production. There is much
debate on globalization. Some view it as the engine that will rise all to greater
wealth; others consider it a way that exploitation of poor countries is increasing
and environmental damage is unchecked.
Neo-Liberalism: A form of economic liberalism that was embraced by many US
policymakers in the 1970’s. It emphasizes free market methods and fewer
restrictions on business operations. Neo-liberalism favors the opening of foreign
markets to free trade and an international division of labor. It favors privatization
over direct government intervention and production. It considers labor action as
often a hindrance to economic efficiency.
Free Trade: An idealized market model, wherein trade of goods and services
between countries flows unhindered by government-imposed costs.
Fair Trade: A movement that promotes international labor, environmental, and
social standards for the production of traded goods and services. This focuses
primarily on exports from poor (“developing”) countries to rich (“developed”)
countries. Often fair trade is accomplished through voluntary compliance and
through publicity. It works against sweat shop labor, slave labor, and
environmental degradation.
Urbanization: The expansion of the proportion of a total population into urban
localities (cities). Urbanization refers to an increase in the size of cities as well
as the density of urban areas. While Europe and the US have high urban
populations, the urbanization rate (rate at which people are moving from rural to
urban settings) is much higher in developing countries.
Population: The collection of people within a given geographic area. The study
of human populations is known as demography. Population growth has a large
impact on the economic status of a given country and on its planning for the
future.
Emigration: The act of leaving one’s native country to settle in another. Large
numbers of people leave their country for political or economic reasons.
Immigration: The same phenomenon as emigration, only from the point of view
of the country to which people have moved. Main reasons for moving: economic
(to escape poverty), educational opportunities, persecution and oppression,
natural disasters, and personal.
Economic development: The development of the economic wealth of countries
for the well-being of their inhabitants. If a country achieves a sustainable
increase in living standards, they will have increased per capita income, better
education and healthcare, and environmental protections.
International development: The goal of international development is to alleviate
poverty among citizens of developing countries (former colonial countries). This
is done through aid, education, infrastructure improvement, and the creation of
economic enterprises.
(Applied vocabulary developed with the help of www.wikipedia.org )